Czech Republic - Permanent Residency - Permanent Residency Permit
Humanitarian reasons - extremely rare,
Living continuously in CZ for a period of 5 years,
Being married to a CZ national for at least two years.
Nowadays the applicant also needs to pass a Czech language test (!)
Probably the biggest advantage of the Permanent Residence Permit is that the holder no longer needs to have a Work Permit or needs to register his Trade License at Commercial Court.
The processing time for the application is up to 60 days if submitted in Czech Republic.
The validity of the 'permanent' Residence Permit is 10 years, and can be extended every time by 10 years, between 90 and 30 days before date of expiration.